Agronomic Practices Adopted by the Maize (Zea mays) Farmers in Horowpathana DS Division in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important cereal crop globally and a vital crop in Sri Lanka, particularly in the Dry and Intermediate zones. This survey was conducted to assess the major challenges faced by maize farmers and the agronomic practices they adopt in the Horowpathana area of the Anuradhapura District, Sri Lanka. A total of 60 farmers from 12 Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions were randomly selected for the study. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey, and descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. The findings revealed that the majority of maize farmers were aged between 36 and 40 years, with both men and women engaged in cultivation. The majority of farmers were educated, yet a significant proportion did not use organic fertilizers, relying primarily on chemical fertilizers. Herbicide use was common, with all farmers applying it to control weeds after planting maize. The study identified several challenges faced by farmers, including adverse weather conditions such as drying and high winds, which were reported by 18.3% of the farmers. Strong winds were found to cause significant damage to maize plants, particularly during the rainy season. Additionally, farmers experienced financial constraints, spending significant amounts on land preparation, chemicals, seeds, labor, transportation, and harvesting, leading to a low-income economy. Price fluctuations of maize grain, lack of storage facilities, and high transportation costs were also major issues affecting the marketing of maize. Biotic and abiotic constraints, such as weeds, drought, low soil fertility, and high input costs, were identified as key factors limiting production. The study concluded that most farmers did not adhere to recommended management practices, resulting in severe yield losses. Therefore, it is crucial to implement awareness programs to encourage proper management practices, ensuring the sustainability of maize production and safeguarding the local economy.